The Ethics Of Academic Integrity - 1225 Words

Academic integrity continues to be an important issue of public concern especially in higher education institutions. There are countless articles that report students cheating on examinations, plagiarizing written assignments, and collaborating with others when such behavior is prohibited. Conversely, there are reports of viable honor systems that have been implemented in schools that make such unethical behavior less pervasive. Both of these extremes, beg the question whether an honor code, such as the Stevens Honor System, is the most effective way to curb immoral behavior and promote a high regard for honesty. As Henry David Thoreau makes it clear in his essay, â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† governments should not be allowed to impede on individuals’ consciences and behaviors. Thus, the honor code should only be a set of minimalistic rules that promote each individual’s personal integrity so they can act honorably based on their own conscience. It should not howev er, in any way, legislate or seek to punish students for unlawfulness. By drawing from Hsun Tzu’s ideas in â€Å"Encouraging Learning,† an honor code ought to be treated as a cornerstone on which a foundation of moral and ethical academic behavior is built. Hsun Tzu, a Chinese philosopher, poses many interesting points about the connection between learning and moral behavior in shaping students into lawful citizens. The success of an honor code depends on the trust it places in individuals’ beliefs and how they are applied toShow MoreRelatedAcademic Ethics And Academic Integrity Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesAcademic ethics are the moral codes or the shared standards of an academic enterprise and the core of its success (Occidental College, 2016). Basically, academic ethics require each student, to be honest, responsible, fair, respectful, give credit where it is due, turn in their original work, and etc. (Michigan State University, n.d.). Academic integrity r equires students to do their own work without unauthorized help from others, cheating, lying, plagiarizing, and stealing (Valdosta State UniversityRead MoreThe Ethics Of Academic Integrity1149 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast Ethics Research Articles Ethics are the principals that build an individual’s character and integrity. It is the code of conduct that a person lives by; it is the way that a person conducts themselves when no one is around. Stealing, lying, and cheating are wrong, yet every day in the workplace these issues occur. Growing competition lends to the need for people to do what they can to get ahead and stay ahead. Ethics are pushed to the side as people try to gain power or toRead MoreAcademic Ethics : Academic Integrity1080 Words   |  5 Pages Academic Integrity Name Institution Academic Integrity Any person who is in academics has to abide by some norms, so that he can carry out the academic work with morality and conscience. By definition, academic integrity stands for the ethical policy or the moral code of the realm of academics. Upholding academic integrity is the responsibility of the students, researchers or academicians. Any person related to academics has to be honest in his or her approach, and that shouldRead MoreAcademic Integrity Becomes The Breeding Ground For Ethics2504 Words   |  11 PagesAcademic Integrity can be defined in six simple words: honesty, trust, fairness, respect, responsibility, and courage (ICAI). Through these values individuals are able to encourage academic communities to turn their ideologies into actions (ICAI). Therefore, Academic Integrity becomes the breeding ground for ethics in academia. When looking at cheating, plagiarism, maintaining academic standards, and maintaining a sense of honesty in levels of academia, the goal of academic leaders is to encourageRead MoreThe Importance Of Academic Honesty812 Words   |  4 PagesBauer Academic Honesty What is academic integrity and why is it important? What is academic integrity? Having integrity means doing the right thing, even when no one is looking. It means upholding the academic honesty policies set forth by the University and the Bauer College. It means doing your own work even if your friend offers you help on a take-home exam. It means writing your own papers and properly citing your resources. It means taking an online quiz without the help from your textbooksRead MoreEthics in Education1245 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Ethics in Education† Learning Team B Gen300 Dr. Athalene Mc Nay 4-20-2008 I. What is ethics? A. A definition of ethics. B. How are ethics used in education? II. Integrity is part of ethics in education. A. A definition of integrity. B. Trust relationship is essential in ethics in education. C. Academic integrity is a mutual responsibility. D. There is cheating and academic responsibility within the education system. E. Phony schools, diploma mills and false credentials are aRead MoreBusiness Ethics : Ethical And Ethical Issues1360 Words   |  6 Pages INTRODUCTION: Business ethics can be defined as the set of moral values and codes or standards of conduct in an organization. According to Wikipedia – â€Å"Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.† The particulars and specifics of theRead MoreBusiness Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, Integrity, And Integrity1318 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsibly. Business ethics, have been created in recent years as responses to an increasing sense of corporate wrong doing. This essay attempts to discuss what business ethics are for improvement of business behavior to the satisfaction of the â€Å"constituents† of business, i.e. the major stakeholders. In addition, the essay describes how similar ethics can be applicable to a University setting, especially playing a role in the society. It also explains the concept of integrity and its importance isRead MoreReflective Paper959 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Academic Honesty your name Class number Date Instructor Name Importance of Academic Honesty This paper will explain the importance of academic honesty in students’ life. â€Å"Academic honesty means the performance of all academic work without cheating, lying, dishonesty of any kind, getting any unauthorized assistance and favors from anyone† (Valdosta State University). Academic honesty helps to motivate students to become better human beings. It is very important aspect ofRead MoreProfessional Values and Ethics Paper1122 Words   |  5 Pages-1 Professional Values and Ethics Paper Rhonda Beron, Andrea De Los Santos, Emilie Goodman, and LaToya Sims GEN/200 August 16, 2010 Andrea Lara Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relationship among professional values, ethics, and career success. A person’s personal values and ethics can influence their professional values and ethics in the workplace. Finding the right balance between personal and professional views in the workplace will help foster a successful career

Surveillance A Comparison Of Gilead And Winesburg

Surveillance: A Comparison of Gilead and Winesburg An eerie dystopian society, where a woman s sole purpose is to procreate, versus a small midwestern town in the early 1900’s. What could possibly be in common between these two vastly different ways of life? Surveillance. The Handmaid s Tale by Margaret Atwood, is an exceptional novel that focuses on a newly formed society known as Gilead. Throughout the novel, Atwood dives deep into political, social, and moral issues through the eyes of a female main character, known by the name Offred. Winesburg, Ohio by Sherwood Anderson, is another riveting novel, instead focusing on the grotesques of individuals of a small midwestern town through encounters with the town reporter, George Willard.†¦show more content†¦By The Eyes continuously keeping tabs on Offred as well as the society as a whole, it means their actions are being monitored at every step. The â€Å"Eyes† are not the only source of surveillance in Gilead, but the Martha s act as form of surveillance as well. Martha s are servants for high ranking families and their duties are much of a maids. Due to these individuals duties â€Å"Martha s know things, they talk among themselves, passing the unoffical news from house to house†¦ they listen at doors, no doubt, and see things even with their eyes averted (Atwood 11).† There is no source of privacy in this society, and if living in such a society, it would most certainly affect one s behavior. Everyone in Gilead seems to know what one another is up to, and in Winesburg it is not much different. Like the environment in The Handmaid s Tale the individuals and townspeople in Winesburg, Ohio are also being surveillanced but in a much less drastic way. Due to Winesburg being such a small town, and like any small town, it is not unusual for everyone to know everyone, including their problems. George Willard, the young town reporter, acts as a vessel for everyone s problems. Much like the â€Å"Eyes† in The Handmaid s Tale, George Willard is constantly observing the townspeople of Winesburg. While the â€Å"Eyes† in Gilead observe more in secrecy and the hopes to ensure order, George observes rather

Teacher Strikes Ethical Issues

Question: Discuss the ethical issues that underlie "teacher strikes" and how you believe they should be resolved. Answer: Introduction In the year 2009, on May 12, the legal strategy of Los Angeles Unified School District called the teachers on a strike, because they claim that the labor practices that are being carried out is unfair. According to the system of the school, the public relation war lead to a looming strike from the part of the teacher. The strike was organized to protect at least 2500 teachers and it was against the disruption of the campus at the same time, the initiative lead to the nom-teaching staffs, seeking for early requirement (Blume 2016). Therefore, the examples of teachers strike is there, and if there is a teachers strike then that will lead to the disruption of the campus environment therefore, it is important to find a resolution to stop this teachers strike. The History of Teachers Strike Teachers strike is nothing new and it had its presence in the history as well. In the year 1970, the teachers strike helped the teachers in winning a contract but at the same time, this particular strike also heightened the racial conflict at the same time. Therefore, a city, which is being considered as the black majority city, created a sense of fear among the people and they thought that in a black majority city the perceived power of the whites would be in the hands of the teachers. Therefore, in the 1970 strike their existed a racial polarization, which had a huge influence of the strike as well (Golin, 2002). The word strike was not very familiar to the teachers until nineteenth century; it was a word that was very common and familiar, to the blue-collar workers; who used to work for the capitalist owners. The whole thing changed and after the nineteenth century strike, became a common word for the teacher, which would help them to defend the legal monopoly that they used to exercise (Robert Tyssens, 2008). At least this how the scholars and the critics describe the strikes, that have been carried out by primary and the secondary school teachers; in order to defend the legal monopoly against the state (Gunster, 2008). The Effect of Teachers Strike In the year 2013, the National Union for Teacher or the NUT and the NASUWT called for a strike, which not only caused disruption inside the campus but at the same time, it became a cause for the trouble for both the parents and the students. According to the education minister of England the strike that has been called by the teachers had affected the campus, the career of the students and the life of the parents and along with it has affected the reputation that is attached to the teaching profession largely (Association, 2013). There are many scholars and experts who believe that, most of the time the teachers strike does not receive, any support because it is illegal. At the same time it cause inconvenience for the people. Thus, most of the time the strikes that are being organized by the teachers, had gone through a failure (Majhanovich, Pitman, Ginsburg, 2012). The Resolution of the Problem The teachers strike is truly a very big problem for the academic arena; therefore, steps should be taken to resolve the issue with utmost priority. The problem could be resolved by understanding the problems through which the teachers are going through and at the same time, it is important for the system of education to motivate the teachers, so that they energized to carry on their work. Apart from that there should be a proper mapping, which will help the people to know about the process that is related to teachers strike, which include not only the study of politics, and history, but at the same time it include, the study of sociology at the same time. The research methodology, and that too a detail research methodology, will help, in the mapping process; therefore, these can be the ways to resolve the problem arising due to teachers strike (Robert Tyssens, 2008). Conclusion The teachers strike has a long history related to it and it has resulted in lots of strike taking place in Britain and in other places of the world. The strike has resulted in lots of historical decision taking place but at the same time, it is the cause of many troubles at the same time. The teachers strike, disrupt the campus to a great extend, and at the same time it affect the reputation of this particular profession as well. Therefore, it is important to resolve the problems that are giving rise to teachers strike. References Association, P. (2013). Teachers' unions call further strikes in pay row. the Guardian. Retrieved 19 May 2016, from Blume, H. (2016). California Briefing / Los Angeles. latimes. Retrieved 19 May 2016, from Golin, S. (2002). Newark Teacher Strikes : Hopes on the Line. Retrieved 19 May 2016, from Gunster, S. (2008). Listening to Labour: Mainstream Media, Talk Radio, and the 2005 B.C. Teachers Strike. Retrieved 19 May 2016, from Majhanovich, S., Pitman, A., Ginsburg, M. (2012). Preparation, Practice, and Politics of Teachers : Problems and Prospects in Comparative Perspective. Retrieved 19 May 2016, from Robert, A. Tyssens, J. (2008). Introduction: mapping teachers strikes: a professionalist approach (1st ed.).

Organ Donation Essays (4584 words) - Organ Donation, Medical Ethics

Organ Donation Harry Wilson is one lucky man; even Harry's doctors cannot believe how lucky he is. You see, Harry, at age 54, was dying. He had to have both of his kidneys removed, they were failing and he had been on an organ donation list for the past two years without success. Harry's children were tested for compatibility but without success. Harry's own brothers and sisters were tested for compatibility but still no success. Now you may ask, how in the world could anyone consider Harry Wilson lucky? Well Harry Wilson got married about three years ago to Mary Smith. It was a second marriage for both and they obviously loved each other very much. But that was only a small part of Harry's luck. The doctors decided to test Mary for compatibility and it was a complete match. In fact, the doctors could not believe that two people, who were related by marriage only, could have such a perfect blood and tissue match. Consequently, the surgery was scheduled. Harry's two kidneys were removed and replaced by one of Mary's kidneys. Now they both have one kidney apiece and both are doing very well living together in Cadillac, Michigan. After the surgery, the doctors told Harry that he would never have received an organ donation in time. Yes, Harry Wilson is one very lucky guy. Organ failing deaths can decrease if more organ donations are made. Modern medicine has altered the definition of death and made the barrier between life and death less clear. It used to be that one was pronounced dead when their heart stopped beating and they had stopped breathing. Death today is defined not by heart beats and respiration but rather by one's brain waves. Doctors measure these brain waves with machines known as EEG machines. When an EEG shows a flat line, this means that the patient's brain is dead. Brain death is when the brain has stopped maintaining controls of all other bodily functions. Advances in technology have now made it possible to maintain respiration and circulation artificially in persons who are considered dead so that their organs can be removed and used to save someone else's life (Landau). This technology is called artificial life support systems. Life support systems are used on patients with brain function when the physician is actively treating the patient. They are also used or continue to be used for organ dona tion when the patient has become brain dead. Society struggles with the understanding that when someone is brain dead and being maintained on life support systems that allow their heart's to beat and their breathing to continue, that patient is never coming back. The conflict in the definition of death arises when the opportunity of organ donation is presented. Throughout the nation, there are not enough transplantable organs to go around. Statistics show that the majority of people in the United States are willing to donate their organs upon death, and even more indicated their willingness to donate organs of a loved one if they know that was their wish. More than half of the eligible donors refuse to donate their recently decreased family member's organs because they don't know how the decreased felt about organ donation (MacPherson). In June of 1998 there were fifty-nine thousand nine hundred fifty-four patients across the nation waiting for an organ transplant and last year nineteen thousand nine hundred sixteen patients actually received transplants (Frei). Unfortunately less than one-fifth of the American people actually sign donor cards (Fentiman). Every 18 minutes another person is added to the waiting list. (Frei). In the four days a high school student is given to research organ donation forty people died waiting for organs, but w hy? Many myths are associated with organ donation. Myths on organ donations are created due to lack of knowledge. More and more evidence suggests that Americans are either unaware of the organ shortage or are confused about the donating process (Perry). One myth is that there are many people in the nation pledging their organs upon their death. Unfortunately the truth of the matter is there are not enough organs donated annually to supply the medical demand. Some five thousand Americans need new

5 More Dangling Modifiers

5 More Dangling Modifiers 5 More Dangling Modifiers 5 More Dangling Modifiers By Mark Nichol Judging from the relative ease with which I accumulate real-world examples of dangling modifiers introductory phrases that provide additional information but do not integrate grammatically with the sentence’s subject I conclude that this error is among the most common of grammatical sentence-construction flubs. Here are five more examples from my overstuffed vault. 1. â€Å"A culmination of eighteen years of work, Jones admits he realized he was ‘basically making the same movie over and over again.’† The writer has hidden the key component of this sentence a reference to a film Jones directed after the revelation that his previous work had been repetitive. Any effective revision of this sentence must explicitly refer to the latest project, but the sentence should also begin by identifying the filmmaker and then parenthetically referring to the newest film: â€Å"Jones, whose film is a culmination of eighteen years of work, admits he realized he was ‘basically making the same movie over and over again.’† 2. â€Å"Delivered in Smith’s soft-spoken, nurturing manner, students can paint along with the master.† As in the previous example, this sentence only implies the context this is a description of an audio recording of an artist teaching people how to paint. For the sentence to make sense, the educational materials must be explicitly mentioned: â€Å"Using these lessons, delivered in Smith’s soft-spoken, nurturing manner, students can paint along with the master.† 3. â€Å"Tall, still lean, and still performing at eighty-three, Taylor’s legacy has not diminished with time.† Taylor, rather than his legacy, is described in the introductory phrase, so the two ideas must be separated, and Taylor must be associated with the descriptions, while the reference to the legacy can be appended at the end: â€Å"Tall and still lean, Taylor is still performing at eighty-three, and his legacy has not diminished with time.† 4. â€Å"For Lukas’s mom, playing in the school band has given her son a chance to stretch himself and see what he is capable of accomplishing.† This sentence reads as if Lukas’s mother is playing in the school band and implies that her participation has had the stated effects on her son. But he, not his mother, is in the school band, and her role in the sentence is merely to provide the information. This sentence can easily convey the writer’s intent with a straightforward attribution: â€Å"Lukas’s mom says her son’s participation in the school band has given him a chance to stretch himself and see what he is capable of accomplishing.† 5. â€Å"A brutal dictator, his regime was unchallenged until the uprising that began in February.† According to this sentence, someone’s regime was a brutal dictator. The revision should simply identify the regime as â€Å"belonging† to the tyrant: â€Å"The brutal dictator’s regime was unchallenged until the uprising that began in February.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†Threw and Through

Print Any Type of Document Using Delphi

Print Any Type of Document Using Delphi If your Delphi application needs to operate on various types of files, one of the tasks you might have for your application is to allow the user of the application to print a file, whatever the file type is. Most document-oriented applications, like MS Word, MS Excel or Adobe can easily print documents created in that program. For example, Microsoft Word saves the text you write in documents with DOC extension. Since Word determines what is the raw contents of a .DOC file it knows how to print .DOC files. The same applies for any known file type holding some printable information. What if you need to print various types of documents/files from your application? Can you know how to send the file to the printer in order for it to be printed correctly? Print From Delphi We can ask Windows what application can print, for example, a PDF file. Or, even better, we can tell Windows, heres one PDF file, send it to the application associated / in charge of printing PDF files. To do this, open up Windows Explorer, navigate to a directory containing some printable files. For most of the file types on your system, when you right-click a file in Windows Explorer, you will locate the Print command. Executing the Print shell command will result in the file being sent to the default printer. Well, thats exactly what we want: for a file type, call a method that will send the file to the associated application for printing. The function we are after is the ShellExecute API function. ShellExecute: Print / PrintTo However, ShellExecute can do much more. ShellExecute can be used to launch an application, open Windows Explorer, initiate a search beginning in the specified directory, and- whats of greatest interest to us- print the specified file. Specify Printer Using the above call, a document document.doc located on the root of the C drive will be sent to the Windows default printer. ShellExecute always uses the default printer for the print action. What if you need to print to a different printer, what if you want to allow the user to change the printer? The PrintTo Shell Command Before you copy and paste: the Printer global variable (TPrinter type) available in all Delphi programs can be used to manage any printing performed by an application. The printer is defined in the printers unit, ShellExecute is defined in the shellapi unit. Drop a TComboBox on a form. Name it cboPrinter. Set Style to csDropDownLidtPut the next two lines in the forms OnCreate even handler: //have available printers in the combo boxcboPrinter.Items.Assign(printer.Printers);//pre-select the default / active printercboPrinter.ItemIndex : printer.PrinterIndex; use to print any document type to a specified printer Note: some document types do not have an application associated with printing. Some do not have the printto action specified.

The Purpose of the Financial Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 21

The Purpose of the Financial Policy - Essay Example Coming to the month of May, the expenses go much down, making the net income to increase, hence an increase in the profit. This shows that the month was not much over-budgeted. On the month of June, the net expenses and deductions increase again drastically. This reduces the net income, in the same way, hence making the net profit be reduced. Even though the company does not realize a loss this month, the profit it gets is so much reduced when compared to the previous month.  Financial policy is criteria or procedure that describes a company’s choices as far as debt/ equity mix, currencies of denomination, maturity structure, the method of financing investment projects, and hedging decisions with a goal of maximizing the value of the firm to a particular group of stockholders.  The purpose of the financial policy is to minimize cost over a long period of time, providing citizens, investors and business owners with confidence when they know that there are strong, and consis tent financial policies in place to guide their businesses.  The benefits of a financial policy include the fact that the stakeholders are guided by certain rules and regulations, hence the gain of confidence in the business over a long period of time. It also enables people to receive payment at the time of service. The financial policy allows one to gain control over a financial system, this enables one to offer financial services to patients while minimizing possible confusions.

Benefits and Difficulties of Including Children with Special Needs in Essay

Benefits and Difficulties of Including Children with Special Needs in Mainstream School - Essay Example MacKay (2002) notes that children with special needs are those who have conditions such as blindness, deafness, multiple impairments, physical impairments, behavior problems and learning difficulties among others. According to Etienne and Gendron (2008), inclusive education is a process that seeks to increase the participation of all students in schools, including students who have disabilities. It entails structuring policies, practices and cultures in schools so that they can respond to the diversity of their students. In the UK, Inclusive education acknowledges that all children need to be in schools and learn. The difference in children are also acknowledged and respected in inclusive education. The structures, methodologies and systems of education are enabled to meet the needs of all children, including those with disabilities (Glashan 2002). According to the Warnock report (1978), special education is considered a separate system of education whereby disabled children are educ ated in special schools. These schools are organized and equipped to meet their special educational needs. They operate on the basis that mainstream schools do not have the ability to address the needs of children who have special needs. Special education is usually provided in special schools that are equipped for catering to the needs of children with special needs (Leathwood, Ross, Moreau, Rollock & Williams 2008). According to the International for Policy Studies in Education (2008), education in the United Kingdom plays a very crucial role in maintenance and construction of equalities and social advantages. The Warnock report notes that education in the UK is currently compulsory for all children aged 5 to 16.... This essay declares that the perceptions of children with disabilities in the United Kingdom have had a shift in paradigm from the common medical model to social model then to the participative model. People with disabilities were for a long time viewed as patients with serious physical problems that are caused by diseases, accidents or other health conditions. This has changed to a more holistic approach in which they are considered as citizens with rights to self-determination and individual support. Many international conventions like the UN Convention on the rights of people with disabilities have been responsible for marking these paradigm shifts. This paper makes a conclusion that a lot of the policies regarding the inclusion of children with special needs in UK mainstream primary schools are derived from the Warnock report. The report suggests that at any given time, at least 2% of the population in a school would be considered disabled and in need of specialist and specific provision. This level of specific specialty provision is normally provided within mainstream schools. The same report also noted that 10% of the population of children in schools requires specialist provision at some given point during their education. These two provisions have seen a lot of changes take place in the laws of UK with the aim of eliminating discrimination against children with special needs.

Critique of Capitalist Economy Essay Example for Free

Critique of Capitalist Economy Essay Introduction Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels were great supporters of communism and were opposed to the capitalism way of economic system because they believed that it was a way of exploiting the poor and benefiting the rich in the society[1]. They did a lot of work as philosophers in addressing religious, political and economic issues. Karl Mark and Engels were supporters of communism and criticized the capitalism economy which was being advocated for by the developed countries. Thesis; communist economy is better than the capitalist economy. There has always been a conflict between the counties in the west and the Eurasia on the way economic policies should be set with countries like the US supporting capitalism while the countries that were formally soviet union oppose it and want continue with the communism way.   To critically assess the reasons why communism is better than capitalism, the following is the analysis of negative impact of capitalism and the advantages of the communist economy according to Karl Marx and Engels. The most notable writing is the communist manifesto. Communist Manifesto In 1848, Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels came together to write the   communist manifesto which was a proclamation of the unavoidable failure of the capitalist economy and wake up call to the workers all over the world[2]. The manifesto was commissioned by the communist league in England. Capitalism described as the economic scheme where there is free market of capital i.e. facilities and money, the natural resources and labor (production)[3]. This kind of system allows individual entities like people and companies to the business owners and not the central government. They run the production lines, make much profit as possible since they are also the decision makers of the issues that are affecting the production of goods and services plus the sale of the same[4]. Communism on the other hand is described as an economic system which allows the distribution of the countries resources with the intent of creating a non stratified society. In this type of economy, the government owns the production means and there are no private entities that own the same business or industry. Communism is intimately associated with a German philosophy, Karl Marx because he was an activists and an economist and wrote so much literature about communism and criticizing the capitalism. In his works, he put forward postulations that capitalism would be overthrown and ultimately replaced by communism. Since the individual ownership of the means of production would lead to exploitation, Karl Marx advocated for communism arguing that though the communism may vary from country to country, the following beneficial characteristics would still remain[5]; the planning, production and other operations in agriculture and industry are centrally organized, the system does not put up with opposition from other viewpoints and that only one political party runs the government. Communism developed as reaction of employees to the unacceptable working conditions during the emergence and the increased industrial revolution according to Marx and Engels. In Marx’s view, capitalist should[6] give a chance to socialism a chance to excel because capitalism was deemed to fail the economy because it would create two rivalry classes in the society of the â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have not† hence a new economic system would emerge and replace the capitalism[7]. Though not popular in the 19th century, the communist manifesto became widely used and read document as people sought to actually establish the most efficient economic system during the era of industrial revolution.   As discussed by Marx and Engels, the communism economy would come as a scientifically proofed issue and according to the historic changes of phenomena as continuous processes. Feudalism grew and as expected it had to transform giving rise to mercantilism which also naturally translated to capitalism, from this reasoning, Karl Marx expected that the supporters of the capitalist economy would accept change as it was inevitably going to take place with capitalism transforming to socialism (communism). Economy under Capitalism In the manifesto of communism, Marx and Engels argue that employment would be greatly affected by the owners of the means of production. It also addresses the idea of ownership of private property and idea of communism. The employees are depicted to be suffering from alienated labor; the alienation of labor is categorized in to four groups[8]; first, as soon as the product is made it is immediately taken away from the creator; second, the workers are exploited in the production line (too much work un-proportional to the pay), third, the human beings are meant to work and increase productivity blindly and not in agreement with the normal human nature (from species being), finally, mutual satisfaction of the human needs is replaced by the benefit resulting from the exchange of the products (from other beings). Marx analyses the Hegelian deduction of types of economies to explain how all the categories (salaries, rent, profits etc) were all alienated as a consequence of alienation of the human nature in the capitalist economy. This is because the structure of the economic system ultimately ends up dictating the way people come to live their lives in future, their behavior and determines the possible actions to be taken to stay on top. For instance, in the event that a capitalist economist intention is to remain in the industry (business venture) then he has to exploit the employees to the legal limit. The capitalist will definitely end up being a ruthless exploiter despite being wracked by guilt or not because of the need to stay in control of the economy and apparently everything.   On the same note, employees are forced to take on the work offer as there are no sensible alternatives. Marx and Engels insist that it is for this reason that people have to rise above such oppression and take the bull by its horns so as to have a collective control of their way of life in terms of economy and societal development. Commodity production is another aspect that is addressed by Marx as being used for exploitation. Commodity in the economy and business definitions is the product produced with an intention of exchange for legal tender or money in the market, as there exists a market, the product can be exchanged and that there is division of labor where a variety of products are produced, otherwise there would be no incentive for the exchange. With this kind of reasoning then, a commodity is described in terms of use and value. The use is easily understood, but the value becomes a complex issue to deal with and the relative value for the exchange has to be elaborated. For instance why does some amount of a product exchange for a different amount of another product? The elaboration has to cover the labor input during production of the product or rather the socially obligatory effort put in at average level of intensity to yield the commodity[9]. This is where the labor theory understanding and interpretation plays a big role, and it states that the quantity of socially essential work time needed to produce the commodity should be the determinant of its worth. In Marx view, this argument has two stages and the first is, to say if two items are compared by equations with an equal sign, there should be a third item of identical amount in both to which they are reducible and which is common, the second stage is to look for the suitable ‘third element’ and in this case labor is the only reasonable element[10]. Labor force is therefore likely to be exploited in order to increase the value of the commodity as the use remains constant. Capitalism is idiosyncratic; the capitalist economist does not only rely on the exchange of products as the source of profits but rather the progression of wealth, in the form of cash, with the intension of profit making by means of trading in the products and changing them into other products which can cost higher prices and generate more profits. According to Marx and Engels, no previous scholars have been able to clearly give an explanation of how capitalism as a whole would generate profits. There solution is that, the capitalists exploit the labor from employees, they buy employees labor effort for the day. The price (value) of the product is established by the same means that is, the socially essential labor force needed to make the product. In such an instance, the day’s labor effort is the worth of the products required to keep the employee alive for one day. Taking for example a situation where commodities take about five hours to create, the   first five hours of the day would be used up on creating value that is equal to the worth of the salaries the employees would be compensated, this is the necessary labor. Any other labor done above this is termed as surplus labor and it only benefits the capitalist economist to make surplus value for the profits. The analysis done by Marx reveal that labor called the variable capital and this because it is the only resource that can create more value than it is worth. Other items basically pass their value to the final processed product but cannot create any additional value and hence referred to as the constant capital. Profits generated by the capitalists are a result of employees working past the necessary labor to create value for the employer. This is the theory of profits as far as the surplus value of labor is concerned. The rate of profit making is bound to fall as the industry increases its mechanization under the capitalist economy, by the use of more constant capital and little variable. As it has already been established that labor is the only resource that can add value to a commodity, less advancement on labor as a result of less capital will translate to a fall in the profits. Marx emphasized on the shamed labor and value of commodity[11]. Labor Theory and Value The analysis of Marx and Engels basically emphasized on the reward of labor power and the other forces of production means, basically such resources as land and technology are necessary for production. The analysis of Marx differentiated the history of the means of production for instance the European nations developed from a feudal mode of producing products to capitalist economy. Marx believed that change would come at a fast rate because of the advance in technology. The understanding of the social relations of production to be involving groups of people who are classified based on the wealth they own or their income (social classes)[12]. Commodity fetishism is a description of what Engels termed as false consciousness and is intimately associated with the understanding of the ideology. The ideology was used to imply the ideas of the specific people (class) at a point in time in history[13]. Marx and Engels did not describe only the belief as half truth but as the most important political operation. This explains the way a class can control the production means in food and other manufactured goods, they contribute the ideas of production. People in capitalist are alienated from their own labor investment. The alienation of the labor power as expressed by the Marxist supporters indicates it as the major feature of capitalism resulting in commodity fetishism. Before the emergence of the capitalist economy in the European market, many people who operated their businesses as producers or merchants used to purchase goods and resell them to earn profits. The development of the capitalist economy came as a result of treating labor force as a commodity in itself; the peasants were allowed to exchange labor force with money from the rich people because they did not own any land which they could use to produce food from agriculture[14]. People were being paid according to the time they worked (they were selling labor and not commodity). Those who were in possession of land and the means of production were called bourgeois and they are the capitalists while the peasants who had to sell their labor power for survival were called proletarians[15]. The difference between the industrial capitalist and merchants is that the merchants purchase goods and resell them at some higher cost to earn profits depending on the changes of the laws of demand and supply in the market. The merchant practices arbitrage between markets while the industrialist capitalist exploit the labor market and the product under production[16]. For any profits to be created there has to be a surplus in labor market and value surplus. Capitalism on the other hand can be very productive and develop very fast because of the enticement to reinvest profits in the developing technology and capital facilities. It is also the most innovative economic system as it has always changed the means of production and caused notable improvements. With an attempt to cut down the labor cost, the capitalist economists are likely to invest more in the new technology and as a result considerably cut down the labor cost (less labor)[17]. Since Marx and Engels believed that the profits were from surplus labor, they also concluded that the profits would fall. Conclusion Marxism opposed capitalist and encouraged a move to communism (socialism) in which the economy distributes the resources equally to everybody in the community (nation). It does not promote private possession of assets and business.    References Antonio R.J Cohen. (2003). Marx and Modernity. Key Readings and Commentary. Blackwell Publishing Mark K. Engels F. (2007). Capital. A Critique of Political Economy Vol. 3 Part 1. The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole. Cosimo Moore S.W. (1957). The Critique of Capitalist Democracy. An Introduction to the Theory of the State in Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Whitman Publishers. Preston P.W. (1982). Theories of Development. Taylor Francis Stalin J. Wells H.G (1937). Marxism vs. Liberalism. An interview. New Century Publishers. New York retrieved on 5th February 2009 from http://www.rationalrevolution.net/special/library/cc835_44.htm . [1] Antonio R.J Cohen. (2003). Marx and Modernity. Key Readings and Commentary. Blackwell Publishing [2] Mark K. Engels F. (2007). Capital. A Critique of Political Economy Vol. 3 Part 1. The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole. Cosimo. [3] Mooore S.W. (1957). The Critique of Capitalist Democracy. An Introduction to the Theory of the State in Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Whitman Publishers. [4] Mark K. Engels F. (2007). n 2 [5] Stalin J. Wells H.G (1937). Marxism vs. Liberalism. An interview. New Century Publishers. New York retrieved on 5th February 2009 from [6] Stalin J. Wells H.G (1937) n 4 [7] Mark K. Engels F. (2007). n 2 [8] Mooore S.W. (1957). The Critique of Capitalist Democracy. An Introduction to the Theory of the State in Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Whitman Publishers. [9] Mark K. Engels F. (2007) n 2 [10] Antonio R.J Cohen. (2003). Marx and Modernity. Key Readings and Commentary. Blackwell Publishing [11] Mark K. Engels F. (2007) n 2 [12] Preston P.W. (1982). Theories of Development. Taylor Francis [13]Antonio R.J Cohen. (2003). Marx and Modernity. Key Readings and Commentary. Blackwell Publishing [14]Preston P.W. (1982). N 11 [15] Preston P.W. (1982). Theories of Development. Taylor Francis [16] Antonio R.J Cohen. (2003) n 6 [17] Mooore S.W. (1957). The Critique of Capitalist Democracy. An Introduction to the Theory of the State in Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Whitman Publishers.

Censorship, Free Thought, Free Speech :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

"Free speech is the whole thing, the whole ball game. Free speech is life itself." The basic rights guaranteed to Americans in the Bill of Rights is what holds the United States together. When Salman Rushdie wrote Guardian, he knew this. Unfortunately, the majority of congress and the President himself have forgotten the basic rights of Americans. When President William J. Clinton signed the Communications Decency Act that was proposed but the 104th Congress, he severely limited the rights of Americans on the Internet. The internet, just like books, magazines, artwork, and newspapers, should not be censored. "We are willing enough to praise freedom when she is safely tucked away in the past and cannot be a nuisance. In the present, amidst dangers whose outcome we cannot foresee, we get nervous about her, and admit censorship." Even thought E. M. Forster lived over one hundred years before the Communications Decency Act was even proposed, he knew of the reason for its acceptance - fear. The Congress was afraid of the potential problems that could be caused by allowing Americans a new medium where animosity could be freely given. Rather than allowing this, lawmakers introduced a law that would handicap the freedom of speech. An internet provider could be punished for, in the words of the Communications Decency Act of 1996: any comment, request suggestion, proposal, image, or other communication that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards, sexual or excretory activities or organs, regardless of whether the user of such service placed the call or initiated the communication; or knowingly permits any telecommunications facility under such person's control to be used for an activity prohibited by paragraph (1) with the intent that it be used for such activity, shall be fined under title 18, United States Code, or imprisoned not more than two years, or both. There are several flaws in this section of the Communications Decency Act that are due to the wording of the section itself. The entire section "patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards" is not defined enough to give a basis for people to be fined or imprisoned. What is offensive to the "contemporary community?

Ambiguous language Essay

Ambiguous language is often a cause for concern when employment contracts are involved, and this is clearly the situation outlined in â€Å"Case Study 9-1: Contract Interpretation. † 1. The most important point were I arbitrator, would be the intent of the Company regarding the involved provision. â€Å"The company stated that the double-time provision was added to the contract as a means of combating absenteeism during the week† (Carrell, M. , & Heavrin, C. J. D. , 2006, p. 445). Based on this statement, it is clear that the purpose of the provision focused on an employee’s being gone for the day, not late for the shift. (One must concede that the terms â€Å"tardy† and â€Å"absent† certainly have different meanings, and by the Company’s own admission, the involved provision focused on â€Å"absenteeism. †) Although failing to arrive on time is a form of absenteeism, it is a temporary, short-lived event, and in this case, was clearly unintentional and out of the employee’s control. Under the outlined circumstances, the grievant’s being 10 minutes late simply does not equate to his being absent. 2. Regardless of the arbitrator’s decision, no â€Å"effect† would be given to the bargain. The Case Study states, â€Å"there had been previous grievances on the same issue, but those arbitration awards were inconsistent† (p. 445). Therefore, a case-by-case analysis seems to be the rule. I do believe that denying the over-time would be dangerous to the long-term relations between the Company and the Union as it is obvious that the two sides clearly disagree on the meaning of this particular issue. Given the Union’s (i. e. the employee’s) position is that â€Å"reasonable tardiness† would be overlooked, a denial could result in walk-outs and/or strikes (p. 445). 3. Although the contract language is clear, an arbitrator should be involved because neither party agrees about the interpretation, the intent, or the common practice applied to the involved provision of the collective bargaining agreement. The Case Study states that â€Å"a meeting of the minds† was out of the question as the Union and the Company disagreed about what was contained in the collective bargaining agreement (p. 445). The difficulty seems to stem, in part, from â€Å"the parties [having] a different understanding during the negotiation process from the company’s current interpretation of the double-time section of the contract† (p. 445). The Union stated, â€Å"the company’s negotiator had agreed not to count reasonable tardiness against the double-time provision but had refused to change the language used in the contract† however, â€Å"the company’s negotiator [. . . ] stated that the very purpose of the double-time section was to allow for double-time pay only if there was no absenteeism in the previous week† (p. 445). The negotiator did recall a statement regarding â€Å"reasonable application,† but stated that it â€Å"was in response to a maintenance worker on the negotiating committee† and the negotiator recalled â€Å"in that situation, he would agree to apply a reasonable standard to maintenance workers for Sunday double-time following a tardiness on Saturday† due to the difference in weekend scheduling for the â€Å"25 maintenance workers† (p. 445). Neither version rings completely true: it seems unlikely that the Union would allow the Company to concede a point and then agree that no change be made to the language—a union simply has no reason to settle for a verbal agreement when a contract negotiation is underway. On the other hand, the negotiator recalls something along the lines of what the Union recalled being said, but the negotiator applies that statement to a special situation involving only the maintenance workers. Looking solely at this case, it is obvious that the employee neither intended nor could control the event that caused his tardiness. It might further be argued that arriving only 10 minutes late under the circumstances (i. e. being a passenger in a vehicle that sustained a flat tire), indicates a likelihood that had the flat not occurred, the grievant actually would have arrived to work early. Looking at this employee’s past record of tardiness (or lack thereof) might reveal the truth of his intentions that day. Given the facts presented and the difficulties raised, it is apparent that the contract language is ambiguous, and to avoid further/future confusion, frustration, and arbitration, an amendment and/or clarification to the contract language should be added during the next bargaining session, if not sooner. Reference Carrell, M. , & Heavrin, C. J. D. (2006). Case Study 9-1: Contract Interpretation. Labor relations an collective bargaining: Cases, practice, and law (8th ed. ). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. 445.

How Can We Help Promote tourism in Malaysia Essay

Malaysia has been visited by thousands of tourist from all over the world every year. But tourism in Malaysia can be further developed by promoting many aspects that the country has. Malaysia is a land that has been bestowed with greenery, mountains, beaches and rivers. Its natural landscape itself is a great attraction for foreigners. The sandy beaches in Penang Island, Port Dickson and Morib are holiday retreats for Westerners who are deprived of the sun and sea due to the cold weather in their countries. The wind whispering through the tall shady casuarinas and lapping sea waves are ideal places for visitors in search of peace and tranquility. There are natural places which have special attractions for the foreigners to look and enjoy. The Kuala Selangor fireflies is a must to visit. The fireflies in Kuala Selangor are the largest colony in the world. Visitors have to take a boat ride in late evenings to see the fireflies, which lit up the trees in the dark. The nocturnal tours in the boats would be a unique experience for any traveler. This unique attraction can be highlighted in the brochures and the websites in the Internet. World- class theme parks like the Sunway Lagoon and Mines Wonderland must be highlighted also. The Sunway Lagoon, which was once a tin mine, has been transformed into a recreational park. There are also five-star hotels in these places where visitors could enjoy their stay there. Kuala Lumpur the capital city is the ideal place to shop because it promises variety , value and convenience all in one place. Malaysian items like pewter and batik can be found at various places for different levels of budget. Names of places and malls so that the visitors have and idea where to go for shopping for certain items. All these aspects can be highlighted in the media especially in the Internet so that visitors can get the right information about Malaysia and would want to visit our country.

Security Council Reform essays

Security Council Reform essays UN Security Council is the organ with primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, the UN Security Council must work constantly to enhance its potential for the prevention and settlement of conflicts. The Councils current structure is 5 permanent members (China, France, Russia, UK, the U.S.) each with the right to veto, and 10 non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly for 2 year terms. Under the UN Charter, it is the only body that can take decisions binding on all UN members. The U.S. and other permanent members of the Council must ratify any changes to the UN Charter, including any changes to the Councils size or powers. The creation of a broader, more representative Security Council should be pursued on the basis of general consensus, and with a view to ensure maximum efficiency and effectiveness of Council operations. The problem arose with the veto and closed-door antics of the five permanent members are behind a lot of whats wrong in the dysfunctional UN these days. Narrow national objectives, not international good, are what drives decisions. And a power structure based on the world 55 years ago has no place at the UN today. The Reform would affect all the world and the permanent members are the ones with the major say in this matter, but none of them state an explicit position. However, it seems like there are two things that are clear. First, there are odds about how large the Security Council should be and second, uncertainty about what would be appropriate allocation of seats between the permanent and non-permanent category and between the industrialised and developing countries in a reformed Security Council. Countrys involvement with the issue Bangladeshs priorities will be guided by our prime preoccupation to see an effective and efficient United Nations. It is our conviction that in the pot-Cold War era, the UN should assume its rightfu...

Frankenstein Study Guide

Frankenstein Study Guide Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, is a classic horror novel and a prime example of the Gothic genre. Published in 1818, Frankenstein tells the story of an ambitious scientist and the monster he creates. The unnamed creature is a tragic figure who becomes violent and murderous after being rejected by society. Frankenstein remains potent for its commentary on the potential consequences of a singleminded search for enlightenment, as well as the importance of family and belonging.   Fast Facts: Frankenstein Author: Mary ShelleyPublisher: Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor JonesYear Published: 1818Genre: Gothic, horror, science fictionType of Work: NovelOriginal Language: EnglishThemes: Pursuit of knowledge, importance of family, nature and the sublimeCharacters: Victor Frankenstein, the creature, Elizabeth Lavenza, Henry Clerval, Captain Robert Walton, the De Lacey FamilyNotable Adaptions: Frankenstein (1931 Universal Studios film), Mary Shelleys Frankenstein (1994 film directed by Kenneth Branagh)Fun Fact: Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein because of a horror story competition between herself and the poets Lord Byron and Percy Shelley (her husband). Plot Summary Frankenstein tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a scientist whose main ambition is to uncover the source of life. He succeeds at creating life from death- a creature in the semblance of a man- but is horrified by the result. The creature is hideous and deformed. Frankenstein runs away, and when he returns, the creature has fled. Time passes, and Frankenstein learns that his brother, William, has been killed. He escapes to the wilderness to mourn, and the creature seeks him out to tell his story. The creature explains that after his creation, his appearance caused everyone he encountered to either hurt him or run away from him. Alone and desperate, he settled by the cottage of a family of impoverished peasants. He tried to befriend them, but they fled from his presence, and he killed William out of rage from neglect. He asks Frankenstein to create a female companion for him so that he may not be alone. Frankenstein agrees, but doesnt keep his promise, as he believes the experiment is immoral and disastrous experiment. Thus, the creature vows to ruin Frankenstein’s life and proceeds to kill all whom Frankenstein holds dear. The monster strangles Frankenstein’s wife Elizabeth on their wedding night. Frankenstein then resolves to destroy the creature once and for all. He follows him north, chasing him to the North Pole, where he crosses paths with Captain Walton and reveals his entire story. In the end, Frankenstein dies, and the creature vows to travel as far north as possible to end his own tragic life. Major Characters Victor Frankenstein is the protagonist of the novel. He is an ambitious scientist obsessed with the search for scientific truth. The consequences of his discovery leads to a life of ruin and loss. The creature is the unnamed monster Frankenstein creates. Despite his gentle and compassionate demeanor, he is rejected by society because of his grotesque appearance. He grows cold-hearted and violent as a result. Captain Robert Walton is the narrator who opens and closes the novel. A failed poet turned captain, he is on an expedition to the North Pole. He listens to Frankensteins tale and mirrors the reader as the receptor of the novels warnings. Elizabeth Lavenza is Frankensteins adopted cousin and eventual wife. She is an orphan, yet she finds love and acceptance easily because of her beauty and nobility- a direct contrast to the creatures failed attempts to find a sense of belonging. Henry Clerval is Frankensteins best friend and foil. He loves to study the humanities and is concerned with morality and chivalry. He is ultimately strangled to death by the monster. The De Lacey Family lives in a cottage close to the creature. They are peasants who have fallen on hard times, but the creature idolizes them and their gentle ways. The De Laceys serve as a prime example of familial support in the novel. Major Themes Pursuit of Knowledge. Shelley examines the anxieties surrounding technological and scientific advancement through the character of Victor Frankenstein. Frankensteins discovery and its disastrous consequences suggest that the singleminded pursuit of knowledge is a dangerous path. Importance of Family. The creature is shunned by everyone he encounters. Lacking familial acceptance and belonging, his relatively peaceful nature shifts to malice and hatred. In addition, the ambitious Frankenstein alienates himself from family and friends in order to focus on his work; later, several of his loved ones die at the hands of the creature, a direct result of Frankensteins ambition. By contrast, Shelleys depiction of the De Lacey family shows the reader the benefits of unconditional love. Nature and the Sublime. Shelley evokes images of natural landscapes in order to put human trials into perspective. In the novel, nature stands in opposition to humankinds struggles. Despite scientific breakthroughs, nature remains unknowable and all-powerful. Nature is the ultimate force that kills Frankenstein and the creature, and it is too dangerous a force for Captain Walton to conquer on his expedition. Literary Style Shelley wrote Frankenstein in the horror genre. The novel features Gothic imagery and is heavily informed by Romanticism. There are countless poetic passages on the power and beauty of natural landscapes, and the language often refers to questions of purpose, meaning, and truth. About the Author Born in 1797, Mary Shelley was the daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft. Shelley was 21 when Frankenstein was published. With Frankenstein, Shelley set the precedent for monster novels and created an early example of the science fiction genre that remains influential to this day.

Pro's and Con's of the Chain of Command Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pro's and Con's of the Chain of Command - Essay Example It is largely based on the organizational hierarchy and the size of the business. The aspect of ‘Chain of Command’ is termed to be essential for an organization due to the fact that it assists the employees to understand their roles and responsibilities in the organization. It also assists the top managerial team to supervise the organisational operations in a systematic and organized form (Schulman, M. & Kowadlo, B. F., â€Å"Working Smart†). On the contrary, due to the changing scenario of business in the modern era, various disadvantages and complexities are arising in maintaining a specified ‘chain of command’ within an organization. With this concern, the paper shall aim at identifying the various pros and cons of ‘chain of command’ in the managerial aspect. 2. Advantages of ‘Chain of Command’ In the managerial perspective, the aspect of ‘Chain of Command’ is termed to be one of the crucial factors of organi zational behavior. It not only determines the organizational hierarchy but also signifies the roles and responsibilities of every associate in a specified manner. On the whole, it assists the executors of a business to form a well-structured organizational chart, which considers three aspects, i.e. line of authority, line of responsibility and line of communications in the internal environment of the organization (Schulman, M. & Kowadlo, B. ... Hence, it assists the top level managers of the company to organize the company’s operations in a systematic manner (Schulman, M. & Kowadlo, B. F., â€Å"Working Smart†). 2.2. Lines of Responsibility The ‘Chain of Command’ also assists the organizational structure by defining the lines of responsibility. To be precise, the line of responsibility signifies the responsibilities of every participant according to their power of authority and position in the organizational hierarchy (Schulman, M. & Kowadlo, B. F., â€Å"Working Smart†). 2.3. Lines of Communication Apart from determining the lines of authority and responsibility, the ‘Chain of Command’ also specifies the lines of communication, i.e. the flow of information from the top level management to the lower level workers in the organizational hierarchy; and the flow of accountability from the lower level worker to the top level management group (Schulman, M. & Kowadlo, B. F., â€Å"Wo rking Smart†). 2.4. Other Advantages Other than these basic advantages, the implication of ‘Chain of Command’ also has many other pros to benefit the organization and its stakeholders at large. They are as follows: By providing a firm structure of the organizational hierarchy and demonstrating the various lines of authority, responsibility and communication, the ‘Chain of Command’ assists the organization to utilize its resources with minimized wastage It also assists the employees to enhance their managerial, leadership and generic skills Helps eradicating confusion uprising in terms of authority, responsibility and communication in the internal environment of the organization Source: (Mukherjee,

The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster risk management plan Case Study

The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster risk management plan - Case Study Example From the data provided, it appears that a risk management plan was in existence. Some of the management plans were applied whereas some of the plans were not applicable due to some reasons. One of the examples of a risk management plan was to design a space shuttle program that would utilize both the liquid and solid propellants. The liquid propellant system is more reliable as compared to the solid propellant system. The flow of the liquid propellant from the storage tanks to the engine can be throttled and shut down in case of emergency whereas a solid propellant cannot function in the same manner. One of the drawbacks associated with the liquid propellants was that they are comparatively expensive than the solid propellants and hence it was impossible for NASA to hire a system totally functional on liquid propellant. A combination of both was manufactured. In 1972, NASA chose Rocker for the building of the orbiter. According to many industry leaders, the Rocker package did not include an escape system. An escape system is very effective and necessary in case of emergencies. NASA officials ignored the escape system and hence the Space Shuttle Program became the first the first U.S. aircraft which did not include an escape system for the crew. According to Mr. Moore, (NASA's deputy administrator for space flight), weather plays an important role. According to him, the specifications on the wind velocity need to be checked in order to avoid exceeding of crosswinds. This is done so that the commanders can have a clear view of the runway and so forth. In order to avoid any accidents that may be related to weather, crosswinds limits are maintained. These issues clearly enhance the project management factor. Some of the risk management plans were implied whereas some of them could not be reinforced. 2. Would there had been a better way to handle risk management planning at NASA assuming sixteen flights per year, twenty live flights per year or as originally planned, sixty flights per year Why is the number of flights per year critical in designing a formalized risk management plan The planner that was originally planned comprised of sixteen flights per year. With the increase in flights, the paper work tended to increase. The requirement for paper work completion was that it was supposed to be submitted approximately one week before every flight. The increase in paper work meant that the accomplishment of goals was getting difficult. With the increase in paperwork, the formulation of a risk management plan was almost impossible because half of the time was consumed in the paperwork of the flights. The employees of NASA were working very hard to cope up with the paperwork which was increasing with the increase in the number of flights. Increase in paperwork meant that the personnel had to work overtime which included the weekends. According to an interoffice memo that was sent from Scot Stein to Bob Lund the paperwork was making it difficult for them to handle the problems and formulating a risk management plan because half the time was taken up by the paperwork. He said that it was necessary to make

Leadership-Article Critiques Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership- Critiques - Article Example These terms are used interchangeably to define the types of leadership. The article addresses several issues affecting leadership development. The contribution of literature based paper in defining the leadership issues is addressed in the article. Distributed leadership emerged in the education sector and has improved the performance of the students and the facilitators. It contrasts the team-based shared leadership literature. The article addresses gaps in the literature and illustrates the incompleteness of the study associated with shared or distributive leadership. In spite of the glaring difficulties of the study, it is evident that shared leadership is a complex process and a modern concept not understood by many leaders and managers. The article evaluates the assumption associated with traditional and shared leadership. Shared leadership is defined in the article as a simultaneous, ongoing and mutual influence process occurring within a team. Therefore, the work of shared lea dership is to develop the necessary interaction between the members of the team. The exploration of the fine grained dynamics of relationships within teams will produce very different research agendas based on the theory employed. In fact, the issues requiring articulation could not be addressed in the article because of the minimal literature present in the society. Critique The article is useful when addressing the leadership styles in the society. In fact, shared leadership has been used in the society to define then various issues associated with education, but the study of shared leadership has been minimal. The findings of the research are conclusive based on the number of participants and the nature of the leadership trends. I agree with the findings on shared leadership application. The role of the leaders in education is captured significantly in the process through the literature review presented. In illustration of shared leadership, the article evaluates the nature and a cceptability of shared leadership in other sectors of governance. Consequently, it addressed the application of shared leadership concept in business and organizational set-up. To illustrate change in leadership and management, the article addresses issues that affect management of teams and change of behavior. The impact of shared leadership in education is evident through the success achieved in the management of the teams. In spite of the challenges associated with the topic, the authors are able to develop a concise understanding of the leadership process and encourage the development of the necessary skills. The article is effective in describing the dynamics of relationships and the ontological debates of interest in the contemporary society. Therefore, leaders must be able to address the issues of shared leadership. Theorizing leadership should be undertaken based on extensive research carried out. Therefore, the article is vital in addressing shared leadership because it is conclusive and has diverse research work undertaken. Distributed and shared leadership articles are not less important for broader issues associated with human thinking and relationship. In conclusion, the article describes distributed and shared leadership conclusively. Article title: Exploring Distributed Leadership in the Small Business Context Article summary The article address

The Merchant of Venice Essay Example for Free

The Merchant of Venice Essay The Merchant of Venice tittle has been carefully chosen and it is apt and suggested. There has been some controversy among the critics that the tittle belong to Shylock or Antonio. This controversy arose because in the first entry the play had been named The Merchant of Venice or The Jew of Venice. Later on the double tittle disappeared and it was named The Merchant of Venice. So critics supposed that it is Shylock who is real merchant of Venice and the play is slightly named after him. They pointed out that Antonio is passive and has a colorless personality in the play and remains in the background with very little appearance on the stage, whereas Shylock has a dominant role in the play. Therefore it is said that Shakespeare must have had the Jew in his mind and not Antonio while naming the play. However a superficial reading of the play makes it clear that Antonio is the real merchant of Venice. His name is referred repeatedly as the royal merchant and good Antonio and also in the main trail scene Portia asked pointedly which is the merchant which is the Jew. From the beginning of the play Antonio is presented as a rich merchant and a world trader who sent argosies to various countries. On the other hand Shylock is never referred to as a merchant but sketched as an usurer and a cruel money lender. Though Antonio is a passive figure we can say that the play is rightly named after him. It was Antonios action that gave rise to the plot of the drama and indirectly he is related to the casket story, the second main plot of the drama. The bond story rises directly out of his execution of the bond. The casket story is indirectly but vitally related to him as he is the person who enters into the bond, borrows money from Shylock and helps Bassanio to reach Belmont as a suitor. In the final scene the battle is fought over his fate and every incident of the play converges this scene. Hence the play can be aptly be called The Merchant of Venice after him.

Recycling:The Technology of Conserving :: Environmental Environment

Recycling:The Technology of Conserving I. America Thinks Trash Over the past two decades, the U.S. Public has embraced a remarkable hobby: recycling. The awareness of threatening environmental issues and recycling programs have been growing parallel to each other. Despite vast and compelling evidence against recycling, the American public has continued to practice daily rituals of sorting out items from their own trash. After reading the arguments posed by the anti-recyclers, making sure to acknowledge the truth and disregard over generalizations and flaws, a prevailing question arises: Is recycling necessary with our technological advances? II. The History of Garbage â€Å"Population when unchecked increases in a geometrical ration. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio.† -Thomas Roberto Malthus (1798) The world has inevitable had its share of â€Å"sighting† into the future. An energy crisis in the middle of the 19th century was caused by the dwindling supply of whales. In 1905, President Roosevelt announced a â€Å"timber famine†. In 1929, the United States was proclaimed to have a mere seven year supply of petroleum left. It was also predicted by several ecologists, including Paul Ehrlich, one of the world’s better-known scientists and author of â€Å"The Population Bomb†, that in the 1970’s or 80’s the world would undergo a terrible famine and eventually starve to death. Not only did the widely fear popular â€Å"sightings† not occur, but â€Å"things were actually getting less scarce as population grew.† [8] Did we get lucky? Yes and No. Yes because the scarcity forced prices to increase and forced creative and ingenious minds to â€Å"create† new resources. No because new uses for resources existed, we just had not discovered them. Furthermore, luck did not take care of the problem, hard work towards solutions did. Are we running out? â€Å"Fossil fuels and most minerals are more abundant than in the past--that is, they are more readily available and cheaper than they used to be. Most resources are so plentiful that they will last for centuries† (6). Resources are abundantly available, but like anything else in this world, if we abuse, we will have unfortunate consequences. Maybe not complete extinction or mass starvation, but definitely unwanted problems which could have been prevented. So, we might not run out of oil and one sighs with content. However, it is not necessarily a good thing. More oil means more pollution. III. Two-Faced Trash Humanity’s destiny is debated by two opposing views in the recycling world. The ecologist and the economist.

Behaviorism: Classical Conditioning Essay

There are four primary conditioning theories of behaviorism. These four theories are Pavlov’s (1849-1936) classical conditioning, Thorndike’s (1874-1949) connectionism (also known as law of effect), Guthrie’s (1886-1959) contiguous conditioning, and Skinner’s (1904-1990) operant conditioning. According to the text (Shunk 2012) Classical conditioning was discovered around the beginning of the 20th century by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was studying digestive process in dogs when he discovered that the dogs salivated before they received their food. Pavlov utilized a tuning fork and meat powder. He hit the tuning fork and followed the sound with the meat powder. In the beginning, the dog salivated only to the meat powder, but after this was repeated, salivated at the sound of the tuning fork. In classical conditioning, a subject learns to associate one stimulus with another. The subject learns that the first stimulus is a cue for the second stimulus. In other words, the meat powder is an unconditioned stimulus and the salivation is the unconditioned response. The tuning fork is a neutral stimulus until the dog learns to associate the tuning fork with food. Then the tuning fork becomes a conditioned stimulus which produces the conditioned response of salivation after repeated pairings between the tuning fork and food. According to Guthrie’s Contiguous Conditioning the only condition necessary for the association of stimuli and responses is that there is a close chronological relationship between the stimuli. Guthrie states that punishment and reward have no significant role in the learning process because the reward and punishment occur after the association between the stimulus and the response has been made. He also believed that you can use sidetracking to change previous conditioning. Side tracking involves discovering the initial cues for the habit and associating other behavior with those cues. Thus sidetracking causes the internal associations to break up. In other words forgetting is due to interference rather than the passing of time. Operant conditioning was pioneered by B.F. Skinner and built on the classical conditioning work of Ivan Pavlov (McLeod 2007). It is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through these rewards and punishments, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. In operant conditioning, behavior occurs more frequently when followed by reinforcement, and happens less frequently when followed by punishment. The idea is that behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow. When you are rewarded for doing something, you are more likely to repeat that behavior. When you are punished for doing something you are less likely to repeat that behavior. According to the text (Shunk 2012) Thorndike’s connectionism has two parts. First when a particular behavior is followed by a reward, that behavior is more likely to happen again in the future. Second is that if a particular behavior is followed by a punishment that behavior is less likely to happen again in the future. Thus the rewarding behavior is learned and the punishing behavior is not learned. Connectionism emphasizes that the greater the reward or punishment, the greater the strengthening or weakening of the association. Behaviorism is based on the premise that behavior is a function of its environmental consequences or contingencies. Behaviorism was the primary paradigm in psychology between the 1920s through 1950 and is based on a number of underlying assumptions regarding methodology and behavioral analysis (McLeod 2007). Behaviorism deals with the consequences of behavior and those behaviors can be rewarded or punished. Reward reinforcements can strengthen behaviors or increase the behavior for example, giving praise promotes good behavior. Punishments goal is to decrease the behavior or likelihood of it happening again. A positive to behaviorism is that it tends to predict the behavior in certain circumstances. The possibilities to predict is the key to controlling behavior and thus avoid needless reactions. Another positive, is the notion of rewards and punishment in behaviorism can be very useful in order to adapt to the required behavior. In other words behaviorism suggests that one can predict and modify behavior by strategically controlling the consequences. In contrast the weakness of behaviorism is that it attempts to explain all the actions of a person only through visible occurrences, making it impossible to directly observe the occurrence of consciousness. So the main opposition is that the behavior of a person is always a learned association that was once supported or punished. Behaviorism in some ways neglects the individualism of every person by making the assumption that people are not responsible for what they do but rather implies that all of the behavioral acts of a person are based past rewards/consequences experienced. Behaviorism concepts can be applied to in home family counseling. First, weighing activities, projects and case plan objectives to correspond with the proportional amount of effort one would like for the family to put into these activities rewards and reinforces family effort, involvement and performance in those areas. Similarly, providing feedback during the development of the case plan and completion of case plan objectives rewards and reinforces learning over time, and should result in better retention and skill development. This later type of reinforcement frequently occurs with the parents but also can be used effectively adolescents as well in the form of things such as chore charts. The principles of behaviorism can be useful in facilitating learning within the in home counseling. However, they do not account for the motivation or thought behind actions taken because behaviorism focuses on behaviors that can be observed only. For example a family could be completing objectives in a case plan simply just to have the case closed rather than to actually progress in their parenting skills. According to the text (Shunk 2012) self-regulation involves behaviors, as individuals regulate their behaviors to keep themselves focused on goal attainment. Behaviorism states that behavior is learned, and new learning is a result of acquiring new behavior patterns by means of environmental conditioning. It can be argued that there is a correlation between the two, at least from a learner’s perspective. It can be said that self-regulation is reliant on goal setting and self-efficacy. Therefore unless learners have goals and feel that obtaining them is important, a learner may not activate the processes needed for self-regulation. Behaviorism could present itself in the form of classic conditioning that being learned behavior based on experience. A learner knows that in order to pass a class one must do well on assigned work. The learner would then make it a priority to work diligently on said work, through the process of self-regulation. The emphasis put on the work would be done so due to the learned behavior that if one does not do well one would receive a less than stellar grade and thus run the risk of not passing the class. References Schunk, D. H. (2012). Learning theories: An educational perspective, 6th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson.Fields, H. (2011). Is Behaviorism Dead? Retrieved from http://www.scholarshub.wordpress.com McLeod, S. A. (2007).Behaviorism. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html

A Comparison of Freedom: The Works of Frederick Douglass and David Walker Essay

One of the hottest and most discussed topics in American History is the issue of freedom. This is because of the fact that the young American nation, especially in the early and middle 19th century, witnessed different notions of freedom that is believed by her citizens; and most contrasting in this case is the notion of freedom by the industrial north (who favored the abolition of slavery), and the notion of freedom by the agricultural southern states (who favored slavery). It is well known that the United States is called the â€Å"home of the free and the land of the brave;† however, it is also well known that the institution of slavery and the racism against African Americans played a dominant part in the southern states of the country, dominated by cotton plantations (also known as the â€Å"deep south†). This paper would then discuss the notions of freedom according to two African Americans, one whom is slave: Frederick Douglass and David Walker. Frederick Douglass is one of the most famous former slaves in American History; he soon escaped from his masters, helped in the strengthening of the â€Å"underground railroad† (a secret route that helped slaves escape to freedom†), and joined the abolitionist movement. His personal accounts, as well as his notions of freedom, can be seen in his work My Bondage and My Freedom. Meanwhile, David Walker is also an abolitionist; but he was free unlike Douglass (his father was a slave, but his mother was free). Despite being a free man, he also witnessed the cruelties of slavery in his childhood, and advocated the abolishment of slavery, detailed in his work Walker’s Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Colored Citizens of the world, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America (also known as David Walker’s appeal). This essay would try to make an analytic comparison of their ideas on freedom based on these two works. 2. Frederick Douglass on Freedom One of the most compelling accounts of freedom as narrated by Frederick Douglass can be seen in Chapter XIX of his book My Bondage and My Freedom, entitled The Runaway Plot (Douglass 271-303). In this chapter, Douglass was actually reflecting upon his thoughts on New Year’s Eve, especially upon his thoughts on gaining freedom and liberty (Douglass 272). In his thoughts, Douglass actually stated one of the most important precepts of the freedom of every individual, in which each man has the right to be free ever since being born, and regardless of color (Douglass 272). According to Douglass, â€Å"I was not through the first month of this, my second year with the kind and gentlemanly Mr. Freeland, before I was earnestly considering and advising plans for gaining that freedom, which, when I was but a mere child, I had ascertained to be the natural and inborn right of every member of the human family. The desire for this freedom had been benumbed, while I was under the brutalizing dominion of Covey; and it had been postponed, and rendered inoperative, by my truly pleasant Sunday school engagements†¦It had, however, never entirely subsided. I hated slavery, always, and the desire for freedom only needed a favorable breeze, to fan it into a blaze, at any moment. † (Douglass 273). In this case, it can clearly be seen that Douglass strongly believed that every man is created equal, wherein every man also has the right to freedom, in the sole reason that he is human; this debunks the very notion of the racial basis of inequality and slavery. Douglass adds to this point by saying that â€Å"My faculties and powers of body and soul are not my own, but are the property of a fellow mortal, in no sense superior to me, except that he has the physical power to compel me to be owned and controlled by him. By the combined physical force of the community, I am his slave — a slave for life† (Douglass 272). This is where Douglass wants to be free, for he believes that the master owing him is not, in any sense, superior to him, but is dictated by circumstances and by institutions to be slaved. In addition, the notion of freedom according to Douglass, even though it is a natural right, must be fought for whenever it is taken away, this is the freedom that comes with action (Douglass 274). According to Douglass, â€Å"The intense desires, now felt, to be free, quickened by my present favorable circumstances, brought me to the determination to act, as well as to think and speak†¦This vow only bound me to make my escape individually; but the year spent with Mr. Freeland had attached me, as with â€Å"hooks of steel,† to my brother slaves†¦ and I felt it my duty to give them an opportunity to share in my virtuous determination by frankly disclosing to them my plans and purposes† (Douglass 274). In this case, freedom is not only to be fought for individually, but also for fellow men, for â€Å"brothers† whose freedom is actually taken away. Therefore, the idea of freedom by Douglass does not only end in recognizing your own personal right to freedom, but also for fighting for the freedom of other oppressed peoples. After he escaped into freedom from slavery, he put into action his words by joining the abolitionist movement, claiming victory when Abraham Lincoln officially abolished slavery at the end of the civil war. 3. David Walker on Freedom David Walker, famous for his David Walker’s Appeal, also expressed his notion of freedom in a very expressive way, earning the contempt of both white plantation owners and white supremacists. According to Walker, â€Å"All I ask is, for a candid and careful perusal of this the third and last edition of my Appeal, where the world may see that we, the Blacks or Coloured People, are treated more cruel by the white Christians of America, than devils themselves ever treated a set of men, women and children on this earth† (Walker 4). What lead Walker to express this kind of emotion to the institution of slavery? This is because of the fact that Walker believed the institution of slavery, as well as the cruelty to slaves (who were overwhelmingly colored peoples) violated the very foundation of the American republic, being the â€Å"land of liberty† (Walker 6). In this case, Walker also believed that it is the very â€Å"evil† institutions of slavery that has violated the right of freedom of men, stating that the system of slavery in itself is cruel and inhuman, and that it is even the source of all miseries and cruelties to all nations (Walker 6). Therefore, Walker argues that slavery must not be practiced at all, given that freedom is a right and it must not be violated. In addition, Walker also states that â€Å"All persons who are acquainted with history, and particularly the Bible, who are not blinded by the God of this world, and are not actuated solely by avarice–who are able to lay aside prejudice long enough to view candidly and impartially, things as they were, are, and probably will be– who are willing to admit that God made man to serve Him alone, and that man should have no other Lord or Lords but Himself–that God Almighty is the sole proprietor or master of the whole human family† (Walker 7). In this argument, Walker seeks a biblical explanation, wherein God created all men equal, and only God is superior to man; therefore, it also follows that it is only God who has the right to become master of man, to become the proprietor of man, to which slavery is a direct violation of it. 4. Conclusion One common aspect of the notion of freedom for both Frederick Douglass and David Walker is the fact that they both believe that freedom is a natural right of man, wherein racial or class origin does not count. Douglass emphasized its natural basis, while Walker seeks a biblical explanation to it. Also, Douglass emphasized the aspect of action, fighting for freedom not only of the self but for others, while Walker emphasized the wretchedness of man in slavery (Walker 32). Works Cited: Douglass, Frederick. My Bondage and My Freedom. New York: Miller, Orton & Mulligan, 1855. Print. Walker, David. Walker’s Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Colored Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America. Boston: The Journal of Pan African Studies, 2009. eBook. Outline: 1. Introduction 2. Frederick Douglass on Freedom 3. David Walker on Freedom 4. Conclusion

Free Essays on The Hidding Place

Corrie Ten Boom was born on April 15, 1892. She lived a very peaceful life, with her loving family. Her father, Casper Ten Boom was a wonderful, God-fearing man. He was willing to do anything to help people. The Ten Boom family lived at a place called â€Å"The Beje† where Casper owned a clock shop. Corrie was always taught to love people with Christ’s love, and accept them no matter what. Corrie started Holland’s first club for girls called â€Å"The Triangle Club†. She taught about Christ, and showed the girls His love, and how to spread it. The club started out small, but grew to be very large. The word hate was not in the Ten Boom’s vocabulary. When people began to shun the Jews, the Ten Booms befriended them. When the war began, Casper took anyone into his home that needed it. When the Jews were forced to wear a yellow Star of David patch on their arms, Casper was in line to get one for himself. He said â€Å"It would be an honor to wear the same symbol that God’s chosen people are wearing†. The Ten Booms became a part of the â€Å"Underground†. In the middle of the night, there would be a knock on the Ten Boom’s door, and they would open it to find yet another person in need of their help. When things started to become more dangerous, the Ten Booms realized that they had to find a way to keep these people safe. They took every precaution, from installing a secret room in their house, to an alarm system. They had to steal ration cards in order for everyone at The Beje to have food. No one was safe, no longer could the Ten Booms trust their neighbors, for fear that they had joined the NSB (National Socialist Bond). These people helped the Nazis by turning in anyone in the â€Å"Underground†. They never knew if they would be turned in by people that used to be their friends. Corrie prayed every night that God would keep the secret room, now called â€Å"The Angels Den†, and everyone in it safe. On... Free Essays on The Hidding Place Free Essays on The Hidding Place Corrie Ten Boom was born on April 15, 1892. She lived a very peaceful life, with her loving family. Her father, Casper Ten Boom was a wonderful, God-fearing man. He was willing to do anything to help people. The Ten Boom family lived at a place called â€Å"The Beje† where Casper owned a clock shop. Corrie was always taught to love people with Christ’s love, and accept them no matter what. Corrie started Holland’s first club for girls called â€Å"The Triangle Club†. She taught about Christ, and showed the girls His love, and how to spread it. The club started out small, but grew to be very large. The word hate was not in the Ten Boom’s vocabulary. When people began to shun the Jews, the Ten Booms befriended them. When the war began, Casper took anyone into his home that needed it. When the Jews were forced to wear a yellow Star of David patch on their arms, Casper was in line to get one for himself. He said â€Å"It would be an honor to wear the same symbol that God’s chosen people are wearing†. The Ten Booms became a part of the â€Å"Underground†. In the middle of the night, there would be a knock on the Ten Boom’s door, and they would open it to find yet another person in need of their help. When things started to become more dangerous, the Ten Booms realized that they had to find a way to keep these people safe. They took every precaution, from installing a secret room in their house, to an alarm system. They had to steal ration cards in order for everyone at The Beje to have food. No one was safe, no longer could the Ten Booms trust their neighbors, for fear that they had joined the NSB (National Socialist Bond). These people helped the Nazis by turning in anyone in the â€Å"Underground†. They never knew if they would be turned in by people that used to be their friends. Corrie prayed every night that God would keep the secret room, now called â€Å"The Angels Den†, and everyone in it safe. On...

KFC in India Essay Essays

KFC in India Essay Essays KFC in India Essay Essay KFC in India Essay Essay 1. Since its entry into India in 1995. KFC has been confronting protests by cultural and economic militants and husbandmans. What are the grounds for these protests and do you believe these grounds are justified? Exaplain. During the early 1990s. KFC set up their concern at India and they were faced all sort of protests by cultural. economic militants and husbandmans ( The Ecologist. 1995 ) . On the twelvemonth of 1995. KFC open the first mercantile establishment at Bangalore and KFC was among the first fast-food multinational to come in India. One of the instance which KFC involved is the municipal nutrient inspectors found that KFC’s â€Å"hot A ; spicy† flavoring contained about three times more single-channel Na glutamate ( MSG. popularly known as ajinomoto. a spirit heightening ingredient ) than allowed by the Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act. 1954 ( IPFAA ) ( Ray. Ashis. 1995 ) . Harmonizing to the IPFAA. fast nutrient eating houses can merely incorporate maximal 1 per centum of MSG as a flavorer of the nutrient. Therefore. the KFC’s poulet being sent for nutrient inspectors’ scrutiny. followed by research lab trials and analysis. But after all the process. they found that KFC’s poulet had exceed the legal MSG bounds which is contained 2. 8 per centum of MSG. Due to this issue. KFC being charged because of â€Å"adulterated. misbranded. and unfit for human ingestion. ( Ray. Ashis. 1995 ) After the protests faced at Bangalore. Pepsi Co opened a 2nd KFC mercantile establishment in Delhi. the national capital. in October 1995 ( Delhi’s Fried Chicken Blues. 1995 ) . Within twosome of hebdomads of launch. KFC in Delhi had to halt its concern as wellness functionaries canceled its licence on November 1995 due to surfacing mix imported from United States contained sodium aluminum phosphate ( SAP ) . which was risky to human wellness. Meanwhile. KFC was able to turn out that SAP was used in little measures in the baking pulverization and was non harmful. And the KFC had won the instance and resumed back its concern. ( Delhi’s Fried Chicken Blues. 1995 ) After all the protests had been settle down. the militant from Delhi against taking up another issues about the hygiene conditions of the eating house. Due to an review by nutrient inspectors found flies bombinating around the kitchen and refuse tins merely outside the eating house premises. Because of the issue . the Delhi KFC mercantile establishment was closed within 23 yearss of reopening. From the cultural and economic militants and husbandmans perspective. KFC will besides convey legion disadvantage towards them if KFC start up their concern at India. Patriots besides feared a civilization invasion ; conservationists and husbandmans felt grain ingestion by cowss for meat production would be damaging ; and dieticians highlighted the ingestion of fast nutrient will increase the rate of fleshiness. high blood pressure. bosom disease. and malignant neoplastic disease. Therefore. they were protest the entry of KFC into their state and they besides carry â€Å"boycott KFC† marks while protest. KFC had experience different sort of issue raised up by the cultural and economic militants and husbandmans. there are some instances where the KFC should research about India civilization before they enter. Most of the protests instances was because of the healthy issues brings to the people after consume the KFC’s poulet ( Protest against KFC. 2004 ) Sometimes. many concerns excessively focus on net income devising and did non concern on the consumer’s healthy. Therefore. KFC have to follow the legal demand of the nutrient in order to prolong their concern in India. On the others manus. most of the husbandmans protest is because they feared that the fast-food concatenation will impact its local agricultural environment ( Narasimhan. Shakuntala. 1996 ) . All this is approximately ethical of concern. KFC should non function a nutrient which is contained unhealthy ingredient and they must besides concern more on the economic system growing at India. 2. PETA has been protesting against KFC in India since the last 1990s. What are the grounds for PETA’s protests against KFC and how did KFC’s direction react to them? Make you hold with PETA that KFC has been barbarous toward the birds and hence it should go forth India? Based on this instance survey. we found out that KFC in India faced terrible protests by Peoples for Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) . an carnal rights protection organisation. The ground for PETA’s protest against KFC was chiefly due to the inhumane intervention the poulets faced on KFC farms and released a picture tape demoing the maltreatment of birds in KFC’s domestic fowl farms. Pilgrim’s Pride ( PP ) is one of KFC’s award-winning supply operations and the 2nd largest processor of poulets in the United States. PETA’s probes in Pilgrim’s Pride domestic fowl farm brought to illume the inappropriate patterns that prevailed in KFC’s provider operat ions. Yamini Aparna K. Vivek Gupta ( 2004 ) . In other word PETA found a picture exposing KFC provider maltreatment poulets by barbarous fast one and this instantly aroused public attending. In the 4 minute picture released by PETA in respects to these allegations. viewing audiences witnessed birds populating in overcrowded. crammed warehouses with hardly any infinite to travel. huge sums of poulet carcases that had died from disease. dirty. injured poulets and the barbarous actions towards the animate beings by the custodies of the staff. Besides that. the staff do anything to mistreat the poulet. they frequently cut off their wings. banging them to the wall. plug them as sandbags. kicked them as football. At slaughter. the chicken’ pharynxs are slit and dropped into armored combat vehicles of scalding-hot H2O while they are still witting. ( refer to cite 11 ) They abuse the poulets alive to decease and so gave to outlet frying as delightful fried lily-livered service all around the universe. Though other fast nutrient organisations such as McDonald’s and Burger King had already ‘upped’ their criterions sing the intervention of animate beings. KFC had yet to make so. In these mills and domestic fowl farms. birds were kept in really unhygienic conditions and treated cruelly. However. undiscouraged by the protests by PETA and other carnal rights organisations. KFC planned a monolithic enlargement plan in India. Margaret Scheikowski ( 2009 ) . Harmonizing to ‘PETA’s Fact Sheet of KFC’s Cruelty’ . there were six chief points of enduring the poulets faced. Dan Mathews. PETA ( July 12. 2011 ) . These included ; I. Having less than a normal sized piece of paper to populate in -This is where the poulets are stuffed by 10s of 1000s into overcrowded sheds where they barely find infinite to travel freely. To salvage infinite and avoid poulet aching each other. the sensitive poulet beaks are cut off with hot blade without giving any hurting slayers. Overcrowding and hapless litter quality in the farms besides caused painful ammonium hydroxide Burnss on the poulets. The injured poulets received no intervention and had to bear the hurting throughout their life. two. Suffering from crippled and deformed legs since birth and deceasing early from bosom onslaughts as a consequence of hapless engendering methods – Birds are fed genetically modified provender in order to speed up their growing rate. As a consequence they suffer from complaints such as utmost fleshiness and fatty livers and kidneys. bosom onslaughts and other jobs. three. Being killed before making six hebdomads of age-This is where the poulets are slaughtered before they are 6 hebdomads old. At the slaughter house. poulets are hung upside down and transferred through conveyer belts to the violent death room to the full witting. four. Defeated Workers– Due to hapless rewards and working conditions. employees used the poulets as a agency to vent defeats and alleviate ennui. They twisted the bird’s heads off. spat baccy into their eyes and oral cavities. spray-painted their faces. used them as footballs and squeezed their organic structures so hard that the birds expelled fecal matters. v. Mistreatment by indurate staff and ;six. Receiving small to no veterinary attention KFC’s direction in response to PETA’s protest was adding more mercantile establishments and the proclamation of major developments to the plan. They besides planned to open more shops in premier locations such as shopping promenades in widely distributed countries. Vegetarian dishes were besides implemented into the bill of fare to provide and pull the mass vegetarian population. However. PETA India wrote a missive to the Managing Director of Tricon Restaurant International. the parent company of KFC. inquiring them to shut their exclusive KFC mercantile establishment in India. But their responses are got no answer. So that. PETA activists decided to protest against KFC by transporting crippled poulet. which represented the birds enduring in the KFC’s farms. PETA claimed that after two old ages of intensive candidacy to increase carnal public assistance criterions in domestic fowl farms. After analysing the instance survey and PETA’s fact sheet. it is clea r that KFC are barbarous towards their birds and hence should go forth India. Furthermore. as KFC is such a powerful transnational company and with support from the manager of selling of Yum! Restaurants International who assured KFC followed the public assistance guidelines and valued Indian jurisprudence. this result was extremely improbable. 3. What is the importance of moralss in making concern? Do you believe in the face of ferocious competition. concern organisations are justified non to back up ethical values at the cost of doing net incomes? Why or why non? Justify your reply giving illustrations. There is no uncertainty that concern moralss plays a more and more of import function in modern economic system. Ethical motives can be associated with being just. honest. and moral and being ‘the right thing to do’ . There are many indispensable benefits to those concerns known for good ethical values ( Steven Symes. July 2014 ) . One of the duties of an organisation is to do certain that all their actions to the ethical criterions provided by the jurisprudence. the KFC demand to follow the regulation and ordinance at the state. Other than scheme for selling and direction. concerns have considered other elements that play important functions towards success. One of these of import elements is moralss. These o rganisations tend to be those that attain higher choice staff. staff turnover is low. better image. pull and keep new and bing consumers and have a greater competitory advantage. Though many concerns try and aim to be both ethical and successful. countless believe it to acquire in the manner of doing a net income ( VoiceLee1. October 2013 ) . Depending on which state and province you are in can find the sum of problem a company may confront with their unethical behaviour. In utmost instances this may take to the jurisprudence being involved which chiefly takes net incomes off from concerns and to run in certain markets. Consumer international ( 2008 ) . Based on the instance survey of KFC in India. being a big international company instantly draws attending. Even though domestic concerns in India may non follow the ‘right’ ethical processs. KFC is automatically under the limelight as locals expect them to follow international criterions. In the face of ferocious competition. concern organisations should hold support ethical values whether they believe it will impact their net incomes or non. For any organisation. ‘the client is ever right’ and are one of the most of import factor in maintaining the concern alive as this is where net incomes are made. As clients have moralss. if they are non happy. no net incomes. Laura Costa. Ph. D. ( December. 2012 ) It is extremely indispensable for concern organisations to understand the importance of moralss in today’s universe. In order to accomplish this. big international companies such as KFC who are spread outing their concerns in less develop states such as India. demand to derive apprehension of the state civilization. regulative and ecological issues. So that. KFC should work together and spouse up with local husbandmans every bit good as with their consumers to guarantee them they have quality merchandises. Another scheme may besides be to implement a farm degree guideline and analysis studies for their stakeholders sing domestic fowl attention and handling. Ronald D Francis A ; Mukti Mishra ( 2014 ) . pg 56-60. 4. DecisionFinally. we can understand from the instance that every concern organisation should understand the importance of moralss by understanding the civilization. regulative and ecological issues in different states. KFC should implement a farm degree guideline A ; audit plan – a plan which is industry taking in the countries of domestic fowl attention and handling. chiefly for their provider in the broiler industry. Therefore the company necessitate some common rules to steer the behaviours. It is much easier for a company with good moral behaviors to construct its repute and win regard from all facets of a society. KFC has been already gained the repute of a fast nutrient that continuously provides oily unhealthy nutrient. so it needs to make something about and switch its positive image back. Mention1. Yamini Aparna K. Vivek Gupta ( 2004 ) KFC in India: Ethical Issues [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. asiacase. com/ecatalog/NO_FILTERS/page-CROSSMGT-649128. hypertext markup language [ Accessed:17th July 2014 ] 2. Margaret Scheikowski ( 2009 ) Family sues KFC over â€Å"food Poisoning† . [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //news. ninemsn. com. au/national/845258/kfc-sued-over-salmonella-poisoning [ Accessed:17th July 2014 ] 3. Dan Mathews. PETA ( July 12. 2011 ) . KFC in India Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. kentuckyfriedcruelty. com/index. asp [ Accessed:18th July 2014 ] 4. Schreiner. Bruce ( 23 July 2005 ) . â€Å"KFC still guards Colonel’s secret† . Associated Press. Retrieved 19 September 2013. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //jacksonville. com/tu-online/stories/072305/bus_19314459. shtml [ Accessed:19th July 2014 ] 5. VoiceLee1. October 2013’KFC in India Case Study Assignment ( Ethical Issue ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. studymode. com/essays/Kfc-In-India-Case-Study-Assignment-39922528. hypertext markup language [ Accessed:19th July 2014 ] 6. Consumer international ( 2008 ) WCRD 2008 [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. consumersinternational. org/Templates/Internal. asp? NodeID= 97050 A ; int1stParentNodeID=89647 A ; int2ndParentNodeID=95043 [ Accessed:19th July 2014 ] 7. Laura Costa. Ph. D. ( December. 2012 ) Protect You from Harmful Chemicals in Cosmetics and Household Products. [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //loveyourbody. nowfoundation. org/harmful_chemicals. hypertext markup language [ Accessed:20th July 2014 ] 8. KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN ( KFC ) IN INDIA ( No day of the month ) [ Online ] Available fromhttp: //www. freeessays123. com/essay21631/kentuckyfriedchickenkfcinindia. hypertext markup language [ Accessed:20th July 2014 ] 9. Ronald D Francis A ; Mukti Mishra ( 2014 ) . pg 56-60† Business Ethical† Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //books. Google. com. my/books? id=xV8l8EUCOjQC A ; pg=PA176 A ; lpg=PA176 A ; dq=www. icmrindia. org/casestudies/†¦/business % 2520ethics/BECG044. +HTML A ; source=bl A ; ots=wKboQnsm4A A ; sig=4Cd0mvIFlBRz-LMhNMOzZVsx1L8 A ; hl=en A ; sa=X A ; ei=jO7LU8z7HIq9ugTB0ILACw A ; ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg # v=onepage A ; q=www. icmrindia. org % 2Fcasestudies % 2 F†¦ % 2Fbusiness % 2520ethics % 2FBECG044. % 20HTML A ; f=false [ Accessed:20th July 2014 ] 10. Steven Symes ( July 2014 ) . ‘Importance of Ethical Conduct in a Business. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //smallbusiness. chron. com/importance-ethical-conduct-business-25163. hypertext markup language [ Accessed:20th July 2014 ] 11. picture released by PETA hypertext transfer protocol: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=qXKExmm_Mk0 or hypertext transfer protocol: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=2zLZrAQ8JIM or hypertext transfer protocol: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=e5eMQ-3Drmw 12. Ray. Ashis. † KFC Takes On India over MSG. † World Wide Web. cnn. com. September 21. 1995 13. â€Å"Delhi’s Fried Chicken Blues. † World Wide Web. theasiaweek. com. November 24. 1995 14. â€Å"Kentucky Fried Chicken Protest in India. † The Ecologist. November/ December 1995 15. Narasimhan. Shakuntala. â€Å"Tandoori vs Kentucky Fried. † Multinational Monitor. January/ February 1996 16. â€Å"Protest against KFC. † World Wide Web. Hindu. com. February 18. 2004